Sugar (brown, firmly packed)

Sugar, most commonly referring to white granulated sugar, is a crystalline sweetener typically refined from sugarcane or sugar beets, though variants like coconut sugar are made from the sap of coconut palm flowers instead. It dissolves into liquids, caramelises with heat, and helps create structure and moisture retention in baked goods. Its granule size, from fine caster sugar to coarse granulated, affects how it behaves in different recipes.

Firmly packed means the ingredient is pressed down into the cup, removing air pockets, so it weighs noticeably more than the same ingredient loosely packed.

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